How the cunning cuckoo gets away with it

Charlotte Owen

WildCall Officer

The call of a common cuckoo is always a welcome, sound but our best-known summer visitor is far less popular with some of our resident birds, thanks to its devious breeding strategy.

The cuckoo is a brood parasite and lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, cleverly avoiding the time-consuming duties of nest-building, incubation and chick-rearing. In the UK, the most common hosts are dunnocks, meadow pipits, pied wagtails and reed warblers. A female cuckoo will stake out a prospective nest from a nearby vantage point, waiting for it to be left unattended before swooping in to deposit her own egg, which is patterned to mimic the eggs of her chosen host. The mimicry isn’t perfect but is usually good enough to fool the unsuspecting parents-to-be, and when the cuckoo chick hatches it will push all the other eggs and chicks out of the nest so that it has the undivided attention of its new foster parents. Meanwhile, the cuckoo’s real mother is busily depositing more of her eggs elsewhere.

Each cuckoo female specialises in one particular host species; she will only ever lay one type of egg, and she will always target her egg-laying appropriately – after all, an egg laid in the wrong host’s nest would not blend in, and would quickly be rejected. There are actually several different types of female cuckoo, and each type is a distinct evolutionary lineage; they all belong to the same species but are genetically coded to produce eggs that match a specific target host. The genes for egg pattern and colour are thought to be carried on the female chromosome, so they are passed down from mother to daughter regardless of who the female mates with.

This means that a ‘reed warbler’ cuckoo always produces eggs with a reed warbler pattern, and she knows which nests to target thanks to the process of imprinting. As a young chick, she will have learned to recognise the song and appearance of her foster mother; and as a returning adult she will seek out the nests of females that match this mental image, and lay her eggs accordingly.

Comments

Fredrick Arnstein:

I find this behavior truly reprehensible. No excuse for it. They could build their own nests. Murderers is what they are. I am serious.

03 Aug 2022 19:43:00
Sussex Wildlife Trust:

All species find ways to survive
David:

I am endlessly fascinated by Cuckoos! How can you hate them? They are not murderers! Ridiculous comment ! They have evolved to be this way. No evil intent .Only humans are capable of being evil.
Please stop anthromorphizing them !

11 Jun 2025 15:27:00
Mike Rigby:

I have always been fascinated by cuckoos ever since my early morning fishing trips as a child. I always try to get out on May mornings to track down some local cuckoos which had become more difficult recently.
I was interested to read about the imprinting of female cuckoos by their foster parents’ song and habitat. Effectively coming home to the scene of the crime.
What I have difficulty understanding is that without any same species behaviour to copy , (as their genetic parents are long gone) how do the young cuckoos learn their specialised skill of disemboweling the hairy caterpillars before consuming them. Surely such a specialised skill cannot be coded in the DNA. Not to mention their extreme migration journey?

24 May 2026 04:01:00

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[2] SELECT pageID FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pageTreePosition IN ('000-006-001', '000-006', '000') ORDER BY pageTreePosition DESC

1783072557.5389

0.0019

[29] Using template: /templates/navigation/footer-nav.html

1783072557.5413

0.0025

[1] SELECT pageID, pageParentID, pageDepth, pageTreePosition FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pagePath='/make-a-difference' OR pageSortPath='/make-a-difference' LIMIT 1

1783072557.5419

0.0006

[1] SELECT pageID, pageParentID, pageDepth, pageTreePosition FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pageTreePosition='000-005' LIMIT 1

1783072557.5424

0.0005

[11] SELECT * FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pageNew=0 AND pageHidden=0 AND pageTreePosition LIKE '000-005%' AND pageDepth >=1 AND pageDepth<=2 ORDER BY pageTreePosition ASC

1783072557.5443

0.0019

[1] SELECT pageTreePosition FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pagePath='/news/post' LIMIT 1

1783072557.5447

0.0004

[2] SELECT pageID FROM swt_pages_staging WHERE pageTreePosition IN ('000-006-001', '000-006', '000') ORDER BY pageTreePosition DESC

1783072557.5464

0.0018

[10] Using template: /templates/navigation/footer-nav.html

1783072557.5476

0.0012

Request time: 0.1818

1783072557.5476

Process time: 0.1816

1783072557.5476

Memory: 1.6218

How the cunning cuckoo gets away with it

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